Unlike today's zebras, prehistoric horses in parts of North America did not make epic migrations to find food or fresh water, according to a new study by the University of Cincinnati.
The findings suggest Florida was something of a horse paradise 5 million years ago, providing everything the animals could want in a relatively small area.
The study was published in the journal Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Plains zebras and Mongolian wild horses take on epic migrations each year to find water or green grass.
The Mongolian wild horse, also known as a Przewalski's horse, travels as much as 13 miles per day. And Burchell's zebras in southern Africa are known for their seasonal migrations that take them as far as 300 miles and back as they follow the rains to green grass.
But geologists in UC's McMicken College of Arts and Sciences found that prehistoric horses in coastal Florida lived and died within a comparatively small area.
"It seems that these horses in Florida were relatively sedentary. They didn't travel far distances," said Jenelle Wallace, a UC graduate and lead author of the study.
The study was the basis of Wallace's master's thesis. Today, she works as an engineering geologist for the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
"My third spoken word after mom and dad was horse," Wallace said. "I've loved them ever since I was little."
The world's first horses originated in North America. They lived there for 55 million years before spreading to Asia and Africa while going extinct on their home continent about 12,000 years ago.
The small three-toed animals lived like antelope, browsing leaves in deep forests. But during the Miocene Period between 23 million and 8 million years ago, horse evolution exploded into 15 different families. Horses developed bigger bodies, longer legs and hard hooves in place of toes to help them cover more ground.
Their teeth also changed, becoming bigger and longer for cropping coarse grass covered in abrasive silica dust instead of plucking soft leaves. It's these teeth that helped UC researchers study how extinct horses lived.
UC's geologists compared strontium isotopes found in fossilized horse teeth to the strontium in bedrock in different parts of the American Southeast to track the horses' wanderings. Plants such as grass absorb strontium from the earth and the horses, in turn, absorb that strontium while grazing. In this way, strontium serves as a geographic marker.
?UC geology professors and study co-authors Brooke Crowley and Joshua Miller have used this technique to track the movements of other animals, both living and prehistoric. Crowley used bones collected from the nests of secretive goshawks to map the birds' travels in Madagascar. She and Miller also are studying the movement of Ice Age mastodons in North America.
"There is a lot of opportunity for expanding the use of strontium to look at a variety of animal groups, time periods and locations," Crowley said.
The study examined seven species of horse along with two known leaf-eaters: a prehistoric tapir and a distant relative of elephants called a gomphothere.
The results were surprising, researchers said.
Of all the animals studied, the tapir seemed to have the widest geographic range based on the high variability of strontium found in its teeth. But given that modern tapirs have relatively modest home ranges, researchers said it's more likely that prehistoric tapirs consumed river plants that absorbed nutrients carried far downstream.
Among the horses, the researchers found little variation in the size of their ranges. But the strontium showed a connection between horses and the sea. Like modern horses today in places such as Assateague Island National Seashore, prehistoric horses might have fed along the coast. Researchers suggested the vegetation horses consumed was influenced by marine-derived strontium from seaspray, precipitation or saltwater intrusion into groundwater.
The study was funded by grants from the UC Geology Department, Sigma Xi, the Geological Society of America and the American Society of Mammalogists along with the Association for Women Geoscientists Winifred Goldring Award.
"The study suggests we're not the only couch potatoes. If animals don't have to move, they won't," Miller said.
Migrating is dangerous business, Miller said. Animals face injury, illness and starvation when they travel great distances. And in the Miocene Period, horses had to outwit plenty of big predators such as saber-toothed cats.
"The energetic costs of moving are high," Miller said.
Crowley, who also teaches in UC's Department of Anthropology, said studies like this shed light on the habitat needs of animals long before they were influenced by human activities.
"Having a deep perspective is really important for understanding a species' needs in conservation and management," Crowley said. "If we just look at a narrow window of time -- like 50 or 100 years -- we don't get a good picture of a species when it's not in crisis."
Using the geologic record, researchers can piece together how animals interacted, what allowed them to thrive and what ultimately caused them to perish, she said.
"By using this technique, we can answer questions in a way we couldn't otherwise," Crowley said. "That's the cool thing about geochemistry. You can unlock secrets in teeth and bones."
